Electrochemistry is the study of techniques that use electrical stimulation to analyze the chemical reactivity of a system. More specifically, it analyzes the loss and gain of electrons i.e. the oxidation and reduction mechanisms in a reaction. Oxidation and reduction reactions are called redox reactions- these provide vital information related to the kinetics, concentration, mechanism of reaction, and chemical status of the reactants in solution.

Electrochemical analysis is very helpful in many applications including the study of neurotransmitter behaviour and polymerizations reactions. Electrochemistry is different from spectroscopy as electrochemical techniques analyze a different set of parameters.

Electrodes in electrochemical analysis: Electrochemical methods make use of electrically conductive probes or electrodes which are usually linked to electronic devices that measure the electrical parameters of the reactants in solution. Most electro analytical techniques use three electrodes, namely; the working electrode, the reference electrode and the counter (auxiliary) electrode. These electrodes are connected to a potentiostat that controls the working electrode potential and determines the resulting current.

The working electrode is a critical component of an electrochemical experiment as this is where the key reactions take place. This electrode is usually made of an inert material. The first step in a typical electrochemical analysis is the application of a potential to the working electrode. Next, the resulting current is measured and plotted against time. Alternatively, the potential can be varied and the resulting currents can be plotted against the applied potential.

Electrode Substrates

• Carbon as an electrode substrate is beneficial as it can be easily renewed for electron exchange.
• Mercury electrodes are very popular as they are renewable and reproducible.
• Nanomaterial-based electrodes have a high surface area for an increased immobilization of functional groups. Certain semiconductor nanomaterial promotes the rate of electron transfer between proteins and electrodes. Metal nanomaterial such as gold nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene, and metallic oxide/sulphide nanomaterials are commonly used as electrode substrates. Some biocompatible nanomaterial’s can help proteins or cells maintain their activities on the electrode for a long period for the analysis of proteins and cells.
• Chemically modified electrodes seek to enhance specific properties of the ordinary electrode such as compatibility with reactants such as proteins.
• Noble metals such as gold, silver, and platinum are also widely used as electrode substrates. Silver is usually used for the preparation of chemically modified electrodes (CMEs) whilst pure gold and platinum electrodes are both very chemically stable and conveniently manufactured.

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